ɸа Ⱓ ɸ ġ鼭 ̱ ɸȸ(APA) ִ ɸ ϰ ɸ þҴ Richard Griggs ع İ ϴ å̴. å ̱ 490 761 ɸ 107 ɸ ǰȹ Ͽ, ɸ о߸ ٷ鼭 б ĥ ֵ ִ.6ǿ ֽ ̷. ̸ Ƶ ûҳ ٽ ڿ ̵ ÷ ߴ ġ ̶ ǿ ð ʱϴ ǻͷ ʱϴ ͺ 輺 ̾ٴ ֽ ߰Ͽ. ۿ ʿ ȭ ϰ Ͽ ü Ȯ.
÷θٴб ɸа ̴. εֳб ɸ ڻ ÷θٴб ڸ Ұ, װ ڷμ ´. ÷θٴб ϴ (state) ؿ Ұ, 1994 APAκ 4 ɸ Ǿ. 10 ̻ Teaching of Psychology ȸ 並 ɸ Thinking and Reasoning ߴ. ֿ оߴ ΰ ߷а ɸ ̴. ɸ ο 51 Ͽ 150 ̻ ȸ , , ߴ. ɸ ȸ ¶ ڷ A Compendium of Introductory Psychology Textbooks â ̾, Handbook for Teaching Introductory Psychology, 3 , Teaching Introductory Psychology: Tips from ToP Teaching Statistics and Research Methods: Tips from ToP ̴. ̴ ȱ, , ٱ, ̴.